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短文改错的技巧－－查行文的一致性

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通过分析近几年高考中的短文改错题，笔者认为约一半的错误设置与行文的一致性有关。因此，答题时查文章在行文中是否保持一致是发现错误并加以纠正的一个突破口。在寻查错误时，必须打破行的界限，起码以一个完整的句子为单位，还要全篇考虑，注意上下文的语境。下面，笔者以高考试题为例，谈谈把哪几个方面作为突破口去查寻行文不一致的错误。
一、查时态是否一致
时态错误几乎是每年NMET短文改错中必设的改错题，要有目的地去检查文中的每一个谓语动词的时态与上下文、语境以及该句的时间状语是否相符和一致。例如：
1. I don’t know why they don’t like to talk with me. Sometimes we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become strangers at once.（NMET’2004） talked 与前面的Sometimes不一致，应改为talk。
2. What should you do when your parents become angry? If your parents got mad, try to have a conversation with them. （02 北京）根据短文所用的时态，got 应改为get。
3． There are advantages for students to work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money. (NMET’05) 全文都是一般现在时，was 改为 is。
二、查主谓是否一致
在检查谓语动词的时态和语态是否正确的同时，还要注意检查该动词在人称和数上是否与主语保持了一致。例如：
1. Playing football not only...but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. (NMET’98) 此句的主语是playing football，视为第三人称单数，其谓语give应改为gives。
2. Starting your collection of stamps are easy because they are everywhere. (浙江卷2004)动名词作主语，谓语用单数。are应改为is。
3． One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out. (04 福建) par?鄄ents 应为父母亲，was 应改为 were。
三、查指代是否一致
对于短文中出现的每一个代词，都要查一下它所指代的内容以及在句中的作用，注意其数、格、词性是否正确和前后一致，包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词以及疑问代词等。指代错误也是高考改错题中常设的改错题。例如：
1. I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (NMET’97) 关系副词where在引导定语从句时不可作主语，应将其改为关系代词which。
2. I think I liked those classes because I felt that it helped me understand what the world works. (01 北京春) it 改为 they ,they 指代 those classes。
3. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain. The three of them were very tired. (NMET’02) 作者和他的父母一起去旅游，这里指的是“我们”，而不是“他们”。them应改为us。
四、查名词的单复数与修饰词语或上下文是否一致
名词数的错误也是高考常设的改错题。要查一下名词是否可数，与其修饰语是否一致。例如：
1. I used to love science class—all of them—biology, chemistry, geography and physics. (01 北京春) 根据后面的四个学科，class 应为 classes。
2． They want me to devote all my time to my studies so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject.（NMET’01）所学科目不只一科，subject 应改为sub?鄄jects。
3． On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. (NMET’02) 所拍照片不只一张，picture应改为pictures。
4． They make their living by collecting and selling used thing.(2004 浙江卷)thing 应改为things。
五、查平行结构是否平行一致
由and， or， but，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，as well as等并列连词和词组连接的结构可称为平行结构。平行结构在词性、时态、非谓语动词的形式上往往要求前后一致。答题时要留心平行结构前后是否对等平行，这也是常设的错误。例如：
1. It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. (NMET’96)句中的drove显然与and前面的to meet不平行，应改为drive。
2. We fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (NMET’02) 并列连词 and 连接的是三个谓语：fed, visited和told。应把visiting 改为visited。
3．She liked it very much and reads it to the class. (NMET’03) reads 与liked 并列，reads 改为 read。

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